Browsing by Author "Barnes, Lisa"
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Item Accounting Academic Workloads in the Higher Education Sector: Balancing Workload Creep to Avoid Depreciation(2018-12-01) Williams, Anthony; Northcote, Maria T.; Long, Warrick R.; Barnes, LisaAccounting Academics according to the literature are subject to external influences such as preparing graduates for future workplaces, bridging the gap between industry and academia and development of pathways to becoming professional accountants for their student cohort. Add to this the internal influences of delivery methods for student engagement, work integrated learning and casualization of the workforce, the accounting academic is at capacity in terms of how these influences impact on workload. Using the “lived experience”, this research delves further into the academic themselves to find that they categorise their workload into four themes of Teaching, Research, Accounting academic administration and development of Curricula, deemed the TRAC Framework for this study. Using this workload TRAC framework, accounting academics identified five factors they believe will influence their future roles. These include growth in international students, that student success will be a shared responsibility, that student engagement will be critical, that curricula design will involve stakeholder input and that expectations around research will change. These additional impact factors when added to the already at capacity workload model for accounting academics, will create a type of workload creep. The workload impact factor (WIF) model is created for this research to demonstrate just how these additional factors will be absorbed by accounting academics, ballooning their workload. This workload creep can be described as an increase in academic wear and tear, almost like depreciation on capital assets, a recognition of a diminution in economic benefit or value. Accounting academics must be careful to balance their future workload so as to not become commercially obsolete.
Item Accounting Academic Workloads: Balancing Workload Creep to Avoid Depreciation in the Higher Education Sector(2020-06-27) Williams, Anthony; Northcote, Maria T.; Barnes, Lisa; Long, Warrick R.Accounting academics are subject to external influences such as preparing graduates for future workplaces, bridging the gap between industry and academia and development of pathways to becoming professional accountants. Add to this the internal influences of delivery methods for student engagement, work integrated learning and casualisation of the workforce, the accounting academic is at capacity in terms of how these influences impact on workload. Using the “lived experience”, this research delves into the academic themselves to find that they categorize their workload into four themes of Teaching, Research, Accounting academic workload and development of Curricula, deemed the TRAC Framework for this study. Using this workload TRAC framework, accounting academics identified five factors they believe will influence their future roles. These include growth in international students that student success will be a shared responsibility that student engagement will be critical, that curricula design will involve stakeholder input and that expectations around research will change. These additional impact factors when added to the already at capacity workload model for accounting academics, will create a type of workload creep. This workload creep can be described as an increase in academic wear and tear, almost like depreciation on capital assets.
Item An Examination of Financial Literacy Levels Amongst Owner/Managers of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises(2017-07-01) Barnes, Lisa; Campo, Michael A.To date there has been limited research focusing on the financial literacy of small and medium business sized business. This research looks specifically at the level of financial literacy among small business owners/mangers within an Australian context. The purposes of the hypotheses are to understand the relationship between the financial literacy of the owners/managers of small businesses against both their demographic and company characteristics. More specifically, the key research question investigated in this study is: what is the level of financial literacy among small business owners/managers, and what are the determinants of the level of literacy The research has significant implications for small business, as the reason given for many small business failures relates to the financial ability of owners/managers. Therefore, the research should provide consequential information to industry-groups, small businesses, financial institutions and policy makers. The literature review defines financial literacy and small business and looks at the literature to date with respect to the relevant hypotheses. The methodology for the dissertation will exploratory and quantitative in nature and will use a multiple choice questionnaire for a survey into business in Australia. The sampling frame will consist of professional members of the Australian Institute of Management. The findings show that overall financial literacy can improve for SME owner managers, and that education in particular can assist to increase overall financial literacy.
Item Are They Ready? Accounting Academics' Perspectives of the Preparedness of New Student Cohorts(2018-06-01) Northcote, Maria T.; Williams, Anthony; Barnes, Lisa; Long, Warrick R.The research reported here has as its central question of how do Australian accounting academics perceive the preparedness of students to study accounting at university. The research looks at how well prepared new cohorts of accountancy students are to engage. The research found that accounting academics identified four success factors required for students to study accounting at first year university level, identifying those needing to be addressed prior to beginning study, and others within the course of study itself. These four success factors included the ability to participate in the course with an apropos level of English language proficiency, to commence with a certain level of assumed knowledge which is then further extended, to develop and utilise higher order thinking skills, and finally to effectively communicate thoughts and ideas through written and verbal means.
The findings, of the study reported here, provide insight into what students need as preparation to study accounting at university, using the Success Factor Timeline (SFT). The SFT bring together disparate concepts into one framework for consideration of student selection procedures and course design. It also provides appropriate scaffolding for first year students to better enable them for success, based on attributes they need to possess before commencing university studies, and attributes they can learn whilst at university.
Item Beating-the-Odds on Enterprise Growth in Peripheral Regions(2018-06-01) Molloy, Courtney; Kriz, Alexandra; Barnes, Lisa; Hessell, Timothy; Kriz, AntonFew academics have the chance to enter a region’s innovation system’s “sandpit” and “dig” through the multiple layers. This paper with its participatory action research and action learning approach provides such a narrative. There is a lack of research investigating SMEs in the mature phases of growth and more particularly when key decisions are being undertaken. This paper reports on findings of such a study using a macro-meso-micro level ecosystem perspective. Management theory is increasingly accepting that action research does provide appropriate levels of rigour. Vividness of this peripheral systems experience will hopefully encourage others to follow. We find interesting insights along the way including that real change stems from innovation in the SME family leader more than finding triggers in the firm. Changed innovation management outcomes through observing such deeper seated rationales helps fill an important gap.
Item Big Decisions in Small Business Ecosystems:Stakeholder Priority(2020-02-01) Barnes, Lisa; Westrenius, AnnikaIn an increasingly competitive environment,engaging with stakeholders is no longer an option but anecessity to ensure short-term and long-term success. This is particularly true in small business, yet little is known about how small business managers make those decisions, often under uncertainty and time pressure. Small businesses operate in networks of interdependent entities (ecosystems) where individuals are known to each other. This supports building of relationships, trust and reputation and removes the separation between ‘business’and ‘ethics’ by promoting a long-term focus. Yet, limited resources and conflicting demands result in a need to prioritise some stakeholder demands. As suggested by Stakeholder Salience, decision makers may prioritise stakeholder claims based on perceived levels of power, legitimacy and urgency. The key decision makers of nine Australian small businesses were asked about their relationships with important stakeholders, how decisions regarding the priority of various stakeholders and their expectations were made and what factors may affect such decisions. Relationships with stakeholders were identified as dynamic and strategic resources, interviewees invested considerable time and effort to build and maintain positive relationships. Consistent with Stakeholder Salience model, decisions were affected by perceptions of stakeholders’ level of power, legitimacy and urgency. This research also found that intuitive perceptions about the stakeholder affected the decision-making process, and identified the following additional factors: commitment, dependence and potential exit costs as well as the decision maker’s perception of alignment with own values, thereby introducing a moral and ethical consideration that would sometimes take priority over other considerations.
Item Big Decisions in Small Business: Stakeholder Priority(2019-03-01) Barnes, Lisa; Westrenius, AnnikaIn an increasingly competitive environment, engaging with stakeholders is no longer an option but a necessity to ensure short-term success and long-term survival (Gibson & Myurnighan, 2010; McVea & Freeman, 2005; Porter, 1985; Freeman, 1984). This is particularly the case in small business, yet little is known about how small business owner-managers negotiate and make those decisions, often under uncertainty and time pressure.
Small businesses operate in networks of interdependent entities (ecosystem) where individuals are known to each other (McVea & Freeman, 2005). Such interdependence support relationship building, trust and reputation building thereby removing the separation between ‘business’ and ‘ethics’ and promoting a long-term focus (Clifton & Amran, 2011).
Limited resources and conflicting demands result in a need to prioritise some stakeholder demands over others. As suggested by Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997), decision makers may priorities stakeholder’s perceived as more ‘salient’ than others. Stakeholder salience (Mitchell et al, 1997) is the combined effect of perceived levels of power, legitimacy and urgency. Although confirmed as a viable method used by managers to prioritise stakeholders (Agle, Mitchell & Sonnenfeld, 1999), in small business other factors may also be important for understanding how decisions regarding which stakeholder claim should be given immediate attention and which can be disregarded are made.
The key decision makers of nine Australian small businesses were asked about their relationships with important stakeholders, how decisions regarding the priority of various stakeholders and their expectations were made and what factors may affect such decisions.
Relationships with stakeholders were identified as dynamic and strategic resources and considerable time and effort was invested by the interviewees to build and maintain positive relationships. Consistent with Mitchell et al’s (1997) model of stakeholder salience, decisions were affected by perceptions of power, legitimacy and urgency. This research also found that intuitive perceptions about the stakeholder affected the decision-making process. These factors included level of commitment, dependence and potential exit costs as well as the decision maker’s perception of alignment with own values, thereby introducing a moral and ethical consideration that would sometimes take priority over other considerations.
Item Board Governance in the Not-for-Profit Sector: The "GOLDEN" Rule Model for Recruitment and Retention of Voluntary Boards of Directors(2017-06-01) Howson, Keith; Barnes, LisaThe Global Financial Crisis demonstrated the importance of Accountability, Transparency and good Corporate Governance of all types of organizations be they Not-for-Profit (NFP) or for-profit. This research seeks to explore the current type of governance mechanisms used to monitor and control Not-For-Profit (NFP) entities at the Board of Directors (BOD) level. It uses case study analysis to investigate the “GOLDEN” Model Rules for NFP Directors. The questions explore the Board and governance mechanisms for NFPs, particularly focusing on the “value added” by Board members, to make recommendations for reporting of Governance by NFPs. This model demonstrates the obligations of Directors in terms of legislation, common law duties and equitable fiduciary duties in relation to governance, social responsibility, transparency and risk management, in a sector that contributes so much to the global economies in terms of employment and GDP (OECD, 2009 and ABS 2015).
Item Clusters and Destinations: Complex Adaptive Systems in a New State of Disruption(2017-07-01) Barnes, Lisa; Kriz, Anton; Keogh, ClareIndustry specific clusters are important features of regional development. Benefits of firm cluster engagement leading to knowledge spillovers and innovation are promoted by the World Bank and OECD. Cluster innovation and economic development require harnessing but as clusters are a form of complex adaptive system (CAS), it is difficult to anticipate how such systems will develop or grow. This study explores how and why micro-enterprises (MEs) engage in cluster development initiatives in a tourism accommodation context. MEs as a tourism service are particularly important in the broader context of R&D management as these enterprises and the cluster they inhabit add substantive value to a regional innovation system (RIS). Using a case study approach, the theoretical framework draws on Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group’s ‘actor, activities, resources model’ to understand ME cluster engagement. Analysis of qualitative interviews and secondary data from three substantial Australian tourism regions adds deep insight of clustering and CAS issues. What was not expected was the incredible growth of Airbnb while the research was unfolding. Combined with stakeholder lack of knowledge, the study provides interesting insights for those confronting similar disruptors. Airbnb has managed to offer a surrogate, more formalised cluster offering where mostly informal clustering existed for the three cases analysed. Providing what becomes an Airbnb open innovation ecosystem to three variations of tourism-related clusters for the ME accommodation sector brings unexpected benefits. Ultimately however Airbnb does have limitations for the three regional cases which for varying reasons have found themselves in a considerable state of flux. Ultimately Airbnb complements but is not a replacement for localised RIS tourism services endeavours.
Item Company Directors Behaviour is "Mad Hatters Tea Party", Curiouser and Curiouser(2021-09-24) Barnes, LisaCorporate governance is not a new concept. In fact the last 15 years has seen a surge in academic publications and case law in relation to the lack of corporate governance. Research Gap is that Company Directors are attending a “mad hatters’ tea party” when it comes to the implementation of governance codes, with the recent spate of court cases involving breaches of directors fiduciary duties. Methodology used was review of case law using archival data. This research looks at the type of case law issues of corporate governance in Australia and in particular accountability, and relates the case law to the Corporations Act (2001) to find where company directors are getting corporate governance wrong. The findings indicate that perhaps the “if not why not” prescription, should not be an option for corporate governance for some Boards. For some Boards the invitation from Alice to jump down the rabbit hole into creative accounting and bad board behaviour at the “mad hatters’ tea party” is just too great an incentive. Implications show that this review of important corporate governance case law will assist Boards to concentrate their efforts on improving the environment they operate in, as good governance equates to good business.
Item Consumer Purchasing Decisions in Financial Institutions: Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy(2017-12-27) Barnes, Lisa; Tinker, MatthewWhilst there have been significant amounts of literature written on CSR there is still a gap in understanding how CSR activities influence consumers perception. This gap is particularly evident in the financial services sector given they are the largest contributors to CSR in Australia (ACCSR, 2011). The aim of this research is how CSR activities can influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers when it comes to financial institutions. There is a further gap in the literature in understanding how perceptions of consumers towards CSR change dependent on situational context.
In addressing the research problem, the study focusses on understanding the most influential CSR initiatives, understanding how the influence of CSR initiatives can change depending on situational context and then delves further to understand how demographic attributes can alter perception. Bhattacharya and Sen’s (2004) framework was used to frame the questionnaire that was answered by 1014 respondents, showing to be sufficiently representative of the Australian population. The outcomes of this research were used to develop a comprehensive framework for Australian Financial Institutions to use when developing their CSR strategy.
It was clear that across all investment types and situational contexts, Community Support was the most influential form of CSR across the sample. Whilst this was the case, the level of influence differed across demographic groups and changed to varying degrees based on situational context dependent on the respondent. Community Support’s influence as a CSR initiative was clearly ahead of others presented to the respondents followed by Employee Support and Environment Support dependent on the investment method and the situational context. This research also addresses the question of influence of demographics by finding that they are a major factor in what and how CSR initiatives influence a person. This dissertation has led to the development of the CSR Strategic Investment Application (SIA) Framework which can be used by Financial Institutions in the development of an optimal CSR strategy, and a revised version of Bhattacharya and Sen’s (2004) framework leading to the Enhanced CSR Framework Model which can be applied by Australian Financial Institutions in future.
Item Corporate Governance and Company Directors: Are they Alice in Wonderland?(2019-12-06) Barnes, LisaCorporate governance is not a new concept. In fact the last 15 years has seen a surge in academic publications and case law in relation to the lack of corporate governance. Research Gap is that Company Directors are attending a “mad hatters’ tea party” when it comes to the implementation of governance codes, with the recent spate of court cases involving breaches of directors fiduciary duties. Methodology used was review of case law using archival data. This research looks at the type of case law issues of corporate governance in Australia and in particular accountability, and relates the case law to the Corporations Act (2001) to find where company directors are getting corporate governance wrong. The findings indicate that perhaps the “if not why not” prescription, should not be an option for corporate governance for some Boards. For some Boards the invitation from Alice to jump down the rabbit hole into creative accounting and bad board behaviour at the “mad hatters’ tea party” is just too great an incentive. Implications show that this review of important corporate governance case law will assist Boards to concentrate their efforts on improving the environment they operate in, as good governance equates to good business.
“In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again.” Carroll, Lewis (1865) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Item Corporate Governance and Performance in Hong Kong Founded Family Firms: Evidence from the Hang Seng Composite Industry Index(2017-01-01) Lee, Kim; Barnes, LisaBackground of Problem: This research investigates the corporate governance and performance between founding family firms and non-founding family firms in Hong Kong, and the performance inside founding family firms under three different management status. Agency costs will be generated by the divergence between CEO interest and those of the outside shareholders if the owner-manager sells equity claims on the corporation.There are two different mainstreams of views regarding relationships between ownership and performance in family business: negative and positive effect generated from family ownership and control. To what extents the two different views are relevant to Hong Kong family firms are still unclear. Research Method and Data: By focusing on Hong Kong business, this research seeks to study 75 Hong Kong listed companies in HSCII for 5 years, yielding 347 observations, using archival data. The empirical result suggests that the founding family firms in Hong Kong may not outperform non-family firms, and the founding family firms with founders as CEOs are one of best performers among founding family firms. This research not only studies the performance behaviours of Hong Kong founding/ non-founding family business and inside founding family business, but also sets a foundation for further research. This research gives insights for entrepreneurs to manage their businesses and plan the succession of founding family business in Hong Kong. This research into corporate governance is different to that of countries such as USA, Taiwan, and Mainland China. The founding family firms in Hong Kong may not outperform the non-family firms and the founding family firms with the founder as CEO is one of the best management techniques inside founding family firms. This research shows agency costs inside founding family firms affects performance and succession of family firms, as descendants may not be the best successors for firm value maximization, and business continuity. Owners of Hong Kong founding family business should pay more attention on business governance and succession planning.
Item Corporate Governance and Performance in Hong Kong Founded Family Firms: Evidence from the Hang Seng Composite Industry Index(2016-01-01) Lee, Kim; Barnes, LisaThis research investigates the corporate governance and performance between founding family firms and non-founding family firms in Hong Kong, and the performance inside founding family firms under three different management status. By focusing on Hong Kong business, this research seeks to study 75 Hong Kong listed companies in HSCII for 5 years, yielding 347 observations. The empirical result suggests that the founding family firms in Hong Kong may not outperform nonfamily firms, and the founding family firms with founders as CEOs are one of best performers among founding family firms.
Agency costs will be generated by the divergence between CEO interest and those of the outside shareholders if the owner-manager sells equity claims on the corporation. There are two different mainstreams of views regarding relationships between ownership and performance in family business: negative and positive effect generated from family ownership and control. To what extents the two different views are relevant to Hong Kong family firms are still unclear.
This research not only studies the performance behaviours of Hong Kong founding/ non-founding family business and inside founding family business, but also sets a foundation for further research regarding corporate governance and the performance of founding family firms in Hong Kong, especially of Chinese family owned businesses in Mainland China.What’s more, it gives insights for entrepreneurs to manage their businesses and plan the succession of founding family business in Hong Kong.
Item Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and its Influence over Consumer Purchasing Decisions in Financial Institutions(2017-05-01) Wilson, David P.; Barnes, Lisa; Tinker, MatthewThe aim of this research is how CSR activities can influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers when it comes to financial institutions. Whilst there have been significant amounts of literature written on CSR there is still a gap in understanding how CSR activities influence consumers perception. This gap is particularly evident in the financial services sector given they are the largest contributors to CSR in Australia (ACCSR, 2011). In addressing the research problem, the study focusses on understanding the most influential CSR initiatives, understanding how the influence of CSR initiatives can change depending on situational context and then delves further to understand how demographic attributes can alter perception. Bhattacharya and Sen’s (2004) framework was used to frame the questionnaire that was answered by 1014 respondents, showing to be sufficiently representative of the Australian population. The outcomes of this research were used to develop a comprehensive framework for Australian Financial Institutions to use when developing their CSR strategy. It was clear that across all investment types and situational contexts, Community Support was the most influential form of CSR across the sample. Whilst this was the case, the level of influence differed across demographic groups and changed to varying degrees based on situational context dependent on the respondent. Community Support’s influence as a CSR initiative was clearly ahead of others presented to the respondents followed by Employee Support and Environment Support dependent on the investment method and the situational context.
Item Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and its Influence Over Consumer Purchasing Decisions in Financial Institutions(2017-06-01) Barnes, Lisa; Tinker, MatthewThe aim of this research is how CSR activities can influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers when it comes to financial institutions. Whilst there have been significant amounts of literature written on CSR there is still a gap in understanding how CSR activities influence consumers perception. This gap is particularly evident in the financial services sector given they are the largest contributors to CSR in Australia (ACCSR, 2011). There is a further gap in the literature in understanding how perceptions of consumers towards CSR change dependant on situational context.
In addressing the research problem, the study focusses on understanding the most influential CSR initiatives, understanding how the influence of CSR initiatives can change depending on situational context and then delves further to understand how demographic attributes can alter perception. Bhattacharya and Sen’s (2004) framework was used to frame the questionnaire that was answered by 1014 respondents, showing to be sufficiently representative of the Australian population. The outcomes of this research were used to develop a comprehensive framework for Australian Financial Institutions to use when developing their CSR strategy.
It was clear that across all investment types and situational contexts, Community Support was the most influential form of CSR across the sample. Whilst this was the case, the level of influence differed across demographic groups and changed to varying degrees based on situational context dependent on the respondent. Community Support’s influence as a CSR initiative was clearly ahead of others presented to the respondents followed by Employee Support and Environment Support dependent on the investment method and the situational context. This research also addresses the question of influence of demographics by finding that they are a major factor in what and how CSR initiatives influence a person. This dissertation has led to the development of the CSR Strategic Investment Application (SIA) Framework which can be used by Financial Institutions in the development of an optimal CSR strategy, and a revised version of Bhattacharya and Sen’s (2004) framework leading to the Enhanced CSR Framework Model which can be applied by Australian Financial Institutions in future.
Item Disclosure and Reporting of Governance Practices by Australian Residential Aged Care Providers: Accountability to Stakeholders(2018-02-01) Clarke, Frank; Barnes, Lisa; Poulton, ErinThe Residential Aged Care (RAC) Sector in Australia is significant in terms of the ageing population (consistent with most developed countries), and the fact that it will affect the majority of the population in terms of the need for RAC at some stage in their lives. Having access to information for stakeholders to make informed and timely decisions regarding the comparison of RAC providers is often difficult due to there being higher demand than supply, small timeframe to make decisions with a high emotional content and the difficulty in changing providers. Information was gathered from the RAC provider’s website, reports and other publicly available information, to determine their level of governance disclosure, over a three year period. It was found that the RAC providers should not just be limited to their legal reporting requirements (mandatory), but instead should also endeavour to disclose additional voluntary information, in order for their stakeholders to make informed decisions. In addressing the Australian RAC Sector’s stakeholder governance information needs, a governance framework (RAC Sector Governance Framework) and the G-CARD (Governance Checklist Aged Residential Disclosure) Model were developed for this sector to improve governance disclosure. This research provides new insights and a basis for further research to determine whether the Australian RAC Sector have improved their consistency and adequacy of their governance disclosure through the use of the proposed G-CARD Model and associated framework.
Item Disclosure and Reporting of Governance Practices by Australian Residential Aged Care Providers: Accountability to Stakeholders(2017-07-01) Clarke, Frank; Barnes, Lisa; Poulton, ErinThe Residential Aged Care (RAC) Sector in Australia is significant in terms of the ageing population (consistent with most developed countries), and the fact that it will affect the majority of the population in terms of the need for RAC at some stage in their lives. Having access to information for stakeholders to make informed and timely decisions regarding the comparison of RAC providers is often difficult due to there being higher demand than supply, small timeframe to make decisions with a high emotional content and the difficulty in changing providers. Information was gathered from the RAC provider's website, reports and other publicly available information, to determine their level of governance disclosure, over a three year period. It was found that the RAC providers should not just be limited to their legal reporting requirements (mandatory), but instead should also endeavour to disclose additional voluntary information, in order for their stakeholders to make informed decisions. In addressing the Australian RAC Sector's stakeholder governance information needs, a governance framework (RAC Sector Governance Framework) and the G-CARD (Governance Checklist Aged Residential Disclosure) Model were developed for this sector to improve governance disclosure. This research provides new insights and a basis for further research to determine whether the Australian RAC Sector have improved their consistency and adequacy of their governance disclosure through the use of the proposed G-CARD Model and associated framework.
Item Disruptive Changing Higher Education Ecosystems: Have University Academics Been Gazumped?(2021-04-11) Williams, Anthony; Northcote, Maria T.; Barnes, Lisa; Long, WarrickContinual reforms in the Australian Higher Education Sector result in ongoing significant changes to the experiences of the Australian academic. As a result, massification, internationalisation and corporatization form the landscape of academia in Australia. The Australian University Accounting Academic (AUAA) faces ongoing challenges and opportunities within this dynamic academic environment, and this study explores these challenges in relation to teaching themed issues that confront the AUAA. By using a questionnaire and interviews with AUAAs, three themes emerged, being curriculum, teaching workload, and the impact of online teaching. The “ASSET” support framework is developed from these conversations with the AUAA’s to help them become an “asset” to the university during these times of disruptive change instead of allowing the system to “gazump” them.
Item Do Governance Borders Really Matter?: The Labyrinth of Interwoven International Governance Codes, the Ongoing Evolution into One Regime(2016-01-01) Poulton, Erin; Barnes, LisaThere is much debate as to whether there will ever be one international currency, or one ‘business’ language spoken, one set of accounting standards applicable to all businesses listed in various countries stock exchanges. Governance principles are no different. Is it possible to create one set of rules or principles to guide all businesses across borders?
This research compares the governance standards across the globe, from China, to the Nordic region, Europe, Asia-Pacific and the United States of America. The question is asked, will there ever be one ‘governance regime’. The findings show that across borders governance codes are very similar, with the opportunity to create a Global Governance Standard (GGS), applicable to any business in any country. The ‘one-size-fits-all’ GGS could potentially apply to any large business, listed on any stock exchange, creating efficiencies and ease of comparison for potential stakeholders interested in the business. Reducing the labyrinth of governance codes to just one would create a uniform approach to governance, supported by government and stock exchanges around the world, the GGS would be the final evolution in the notion of governance since the codes of conduct of Hammurabi of 1800 BC. Let the borders be gone, and the GGS left standing as the final chapter in governance evolution
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